高考英语语法总结大全_高考英语语法练习

一、什么是独立主格结构

所谓独立主格结构就是一个与句子相对独立的带有逻辑主语的结构。

由于这个逻辑主语与它所支配的行为状态表达的是辅助主要句子的另一层独立的意思，加之要用代词和名词的主格形式（现代英语中名词的主格与宾格是一致的）表示，因此这种逻辑主语就称作独立主格。逻辑主语加上它所支配的行为状态就构成了一种语法结构，这种语法结构称为独立主格结构。如下列例句中的括号部分：

* (Everyone being ready), the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。

独立主格（即逻辑主语）：Everyone

独立主格的行为状态：being ready

起到的辅助作用：表示 the teacher began his class 发生的时间

* (It being National Day today)，the streets are very crowded. 由于今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。

独立主格：It

独立主格的行为状态：being National Day today

起到的辅助作用：表示 the streets are very crowded 的原因

The manager looks relaxed, (many things settled). 由于许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。

独立主格：many things

独立主格的行为状态：settled

起到的辅助作用：表示 The manager looks relaxed 的原因

二、独立主格结构的构成

独立主格由两部分组成——

1、逻辑主语（即独立主格）：由代词的主格或名词充当独立主格

2、叙述语：用来陈述逻辑主语的行为状态。

其中叙述语是独立主格的重点。

三、能够构成独立主格结构中叙述语的词语

1、现在分词（-ing 非谓语动词）

——用作时间状语

The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）

——用作原因状语

Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）

——用作条件状语

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)

My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）

——用作伴随方式的状语

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

2、过去分词（-ed非谓语动词）

* The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂（原因状语 ， = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read i）

* He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。（方式状语，= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. ）

* The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假（时间状语。=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. ）

3、不定式（to do）

* I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 现寄给你100美元，其余部分将在一年以后再寄。（方式状语，= I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.）

* The manager looks worried，many things to be settled. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（原因状语，= The manager looks worried because many things will be settled）

.

4、形容词短语

* He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.）

* He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.）

5、小品副词 .

* School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（= School was over, and we all went home.）

* He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（ = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.）

6、介词短语

* He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。（ = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.）

* The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。（ = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.）

* The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。（ = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.）

《高中英语语法-主谓一致》由留学liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

主谓一致

语法复习二、主谓一致

在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

(一)语法一致原则:语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

2、由连接词and或both ? and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

注意:① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.

3、主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.

注意:① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有"of+复数名词(或代词)"作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.

5、在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child.

7、由"a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词"构成的短语以及由"分数或百分数+名词"构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

注意: a number of"许多",作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of"?的数量",主语是number,谓语用单数。

8、在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

(二)逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。

1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

2、表示"时间、重量、长度、价值"等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式, 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如: "The Arabian Nights"is an interesting story-book.

4、表数量的短语"one and a half"后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.

5、算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

6、一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn't easy to study.

7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

8、"定冠词the + 形容词或分词",表示某一类人时,动词用复数。

(三)就近一致原则:在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1、当两个主语由either ? or, neither ? nor, whether ? or ?, not only ? but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?

2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room..

注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。

练习:主谓一致

1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.

A.am B.is C.are D.be

2. The rich ____ not always happy.

A.are B.is C.has D.have

3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.

A.are B.am C.is D.was

4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.

A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study

5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.

A.am B.is C.are D.be

6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,

A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is

7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.

A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like

8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.

A.was B.is C. would be D.are

9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.

A.is B.are C.has D.have

10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.

A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been

11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.

A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished

12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.

A.is B.was C.are D.is being

13. The great writer and professor____.

A. is an old man B. are both old men

C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese

14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.

A.are B.is C.has D.have

15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.

A. are B. was C. is D. be

16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.

A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed

17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.

A. has been B.have been C.was D.is

19. A chemical works____ built there.

A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been

20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.

A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five

21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.

A.is B.are C.was D.were

22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.

A. are B.have C.has D.is

23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.

A.have B.has C. have been D.has been

24.Many a man ____ come to help us.

A.have B.has C.is D.are

25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.

A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are

26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.

A. is searching for B. were searching for

C. are searching for D. were searching

27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.

A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them

28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.

A.is B.be C.are D.were

29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.

A.is B.are C.has D.have

30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.

A.is B.are C.get D.equal

31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.

A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes

32.____of the money____ nm out.

A. Three-fifth; has B. Three-fifth; has been

C. Three-fifths; has D. Three-fifths; have

33. The whole class ____ the teacher attentively.

A. are listening to B. is listening to

C.are listening D. is listening

34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult.

A.is B.are C.was D.were

35. Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building.

A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are

36. Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation.

A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need

37. That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all.

A. is B.was C.are D.all

38.What we need____ good textbooks.

A.is B.are C.have D.has

39. What you said just now____ the matter we are discussing.

A.have something to at B. has something to do with

C.had something to do with D.has been something to do with

40. More than one member ____ against the plan.

A. is B.are C.has D.have

41. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet.

A. has not decided B. is not decided

C. are not decided D. have not decided

42. Half of the fruit ____ bad.

A. are B. has C. is D. have

43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently?

A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is

44. Mathematics ____ the language of science.

A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be

45. My family ____ small.

A. is B. were C. are D. makes

46. The following ____ some other examples.

A. are B. is C. was D. were

47. They both have some friends; but his ____ more active.

A. is B. will be C. was D. are

48. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country.

A. is B. are C. was D. has

49. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit.

A. are B. is C. were D. was

50. To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training.

A. was B. is C. are D. were

51. Either he or I ____ to attend the mass meeting this evening.

A. is B. am C. are D. be

52. ____ either he or I to attend the mass meeting this evening.

A. is B. am C. are D. be

53. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here.

A. are B. were C. is D. will

54. She as well as her brother ____ a League member.

A. are B. were C. will D. is

55. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV.

A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are

56. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow.

A. is B. am C. are D. be

57. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside.

A. is B. are C. is from D. are from

58. Many a man ____ the novel.

A. has read B. have read C. is read D. are read

59. Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon.

A. is B. was C. are D. were

60. Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you.

A. are B. is C. was D. were 《高中英语语法-主谓一致》由留学liuxue86.com我整理